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Small, white scales appearing on the scalp and hair is a sign of:

  1. pityriasis

  2. tinea capitis

  3. scalp psoriasis

  4. seborrheic dermatitis

The correct answer is: pityriasis

Small, white scales on the scalp and hair is a common symptom of pityriasis, a skin condition characterized by flaky and itchy skin. Tinea capitis, also known as scalp ringworm, can cause similar symptoms but is caused by a fungal infection. Scalp psoriasis also presents with scaly patches, but they are typically thicker and have a silver sheen. Seborrheic dermatitis can also result in dandruff-like flakes on the scalp, but it is typically associated with redness and irritation as well. Therefore, the most likely cause of small, white scales appearing on the scalp and hair is pityriasis.